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idk idk idk....studying right now...

OCD, PTSD, Anorexia Nervosa, Bullimia Nervosa, Conversion Disorder, Body Dysmorphic Disorder.....must....memorize...all....

Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Diathesis/Stress Model...d. Catastrophic misinterpretation theory

People who panic in response to certain stimuli do so as the result of a catastrophic misinterpretation of certain bodily sensations. The physical sensations usually misinterpreted are those involved in normal anxiety responses: dizziness, breathlessness or heart palpitations. These sensations are interpreted to be much more dangerous than they really are. One example is the healthy person who interprets heart palpitations as evidence of the start of a heart attack. Or a person interpreting a feeling of breathlessness as evidence they are suffocating and will therefore die. Or a person interpreting a shaky feeling as the start of the loss of control of themself and the onset of going crazy.
Both external and internal stimuli can provoke physical sensations. External tend to be places or situations where the person has previously experienced anxiety: a supermarket, a freeway, a bridge, or a certain social situation. Internal stimuli are bodily sensations, thoughts and/or images. If these stimuli are perceived as a threat, some mild anxiety is created. This mild anxiety creates, or intensifies, a wide range of physical sensations. If these sensations are then interpreted in a catastrophic manner, the fear increases. This then increases the body sensations and so on, creating a vicious cycle of sensations causing fear which cause sensations which cause fear. This has also been referred to as the fear of fear cycle.
This model applies to all panic attacks whether they are attacks that were preceded by anxiety, or the type of attacks that come "out of the blue". In the first type, the anxiety that precedes the panic is called anticipatory anxiety, and that anxiety helped to actually create the panic attack. That is, the anxiety over a panic caused mental and physical sensations that caused catastrophic thinking, therefore leading to a panic attack. Again illustrating the fear of fear cycle: the fear of having a panic attack causes a panic attack.
Another situation involves anxiety that is not the result of a fear of panic, but rather anxiety over stressful events. During that period of anxiety, the person notices bodily reactions, and catastrophically interprets those sensations, and then panics. A third situation involves panics that are triggered not by anxiety or the fear of a panic, but rather by the misinterpretation of sensations that result from other emotions such as anger or excitement, or the misinterpretation of sensations caused by physical activity. Such harmless acts such as suddenly standing from a sitting position can cause dizziness; exercise can cause breathlessness or palpitations; or drinking caffeine can cause palpitations. When these sensations are noticed, they can be interpreted in a catastrophic manner, thereby triggering a panic attack. Often these attacks occur without the person consciously recognizing the triggering physical sensation and catastrophic misinterpretation, therefore these panics can appear to come "out of the blue".

cyclothymia is Bipolar III fyi

Muggles, whatever you say mr.i-went-to-stanford-and-know-it-all :)

okay. finished studying for 1 class, now the other...

omg. spicy sweet chili Doritos are SOOO good. hehehehehehehehheeh


Pandora <3